BOOK SUMMARY: FROM EDEN TO THE NEW JERUSALEM - CHAPTER 2A: PAGES 13-20 - FROM THE SACRED GARDEN TO HOLY CITY: EXPERIENCING THE PRESENCE OF GOD

Read Revelation 21:1-3.  Scripture ends with God dwelling with humanity in a new creation. The Scripture starts this way as well, but sin ruins this communion. All of Scripture between these passage shows how God restores fellowship with humanity so that we may once again dwell with God on earth.  Whereas Genesis presents earth as a building site, Revelation describes it as a finished city where God wells with people from every nation.

OVERVIEW
After Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden, God’s presence is associated with heaven while He occasionally descends to meet with selected individuals. When He reveals Himself it is always for a particular purpose. To Abraham God revealed a promise of land, seed and blessing.

In Exodus we see the Divine rescue of the enslaved Israelites from Egypt. This results in the construction of a lavishly decorated tent that becomes God’s dwelling place in the midst of Israel. The meta-story is moving forward with God dwelling permanently within one nation.  Soon Israel occupies the land of promise (Canaan) and the tabernacle (tent) remains in Shiloh for some time. It is eventually replaced when a temple is built in Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (959 BC). Because the temple was in Jerusalem the entire walled city is viewed as God’s dwelling place on earth. This continued for nearly 400 years as God coexists in a unique way with the citizens of Jerusalem.

In 586 BC the Babylonians destroy the temple and walls of Jerusalem. The Jews were carried off into captivity for 70 years. Eventually the Persians come into power and under the rule of King Cyrus permission is given to the remnant of Israel to return to Judah to rebuild the temple. This second temple was completed in 516 BC. The wall was still in ruins and God used the governor of Judah, Nehemiah, to see this project to completion.  The prophet Malachi ends with God telling Judah that He will personally come to visit the temple. God refers to Himself as the Messenger of the Covenant.

The next major development in the meta-story is the coming of Jesus to earth.  Jesus comes to tabernacle among human beings (Read John 1:14). This is the next stage in God dwelling with humanity. On several occasions we see Jesus entering the temple. In a remarkable statement, He refers to His body as the temple. He claimed that He would raise it up in three days after it was destroyed (John 2:19).  Jesus’ death, resurrection and ascension to heaven make it possible for the next phase of God’s place to take place.

God’s presence on earth with humanity has gradually progressed from garden to tabernacle to temple to Jesus and now to the church.   With Jesus ascension to heaven the promise of the coming Holy Spirit takes place on the Day of Pentecost. God’s presence associated with the temple is now associated to the newly created church. The church quickly grows and is comprised of Jews, Samaritans and Gentiles. Together they are the new temple in which God resides. As the church expands throughout the earth, God’s dwelling place is expanded. And as Jesus predicted, the Jerusalem temple is destroyed as an act of judgement against unbelieving and covenant breaking Israel. This happened in 70 AD when the Romans sacked Jerusalem and destroyed the temple. The ever-expanding church has replaced the Jerusalem temple.

The Biblical meta-story records one final phase in the process of God dwelling with humanity over the whole earth. In this stage all things are made new and His glory will fill a rejuvenated earth.  In the new creation God will dwell with His redeemed people. The theme or motif of God’s presence on earth alongside humanity is an important part of the Biblical meta-story.

THE MOTIF OF TEMPLE
Read Revelation 21:15-18.  It’s not a coincidence that Revelation uses Jerusalem and temple language. It’s meant to help us make connections between Solomon’s temple in Jerusalem and what God is ultimately doing. This final Jerusalem is extraordinary in that its proportions are that of a perfect cube like the Holy of holies (see 1 King 6:20). While the Holy of holies was overlaid with gold, the New Jerusalem is pure gold leading us to conclude that the New Jerusalem is an expanded Holy of holies. The Holy of holies is now a massive “city”.  Revelation 21:22 says that there is no temple in the city because the Lord is its temple. It’s worth noting that Revelation describes the New Jerusalem as the bride of Christ which has the glory of God. With Christ as the true temple and cornerstone, and by virtue of our connection to Him as living stones, we are both connected to God and indwelt by God (in union with God). Revelation is communicating, not so much that the church is a spiritual building or city, or that God is a physical temple, but that we are in union with God, living together.  Remember, this is apocalyptic language. It’s meant to reveal and uncover truth through the use of vivid imagery. It has a literal meaning but uses a vision to communicate that truth. When you place these passages back into the meta-story they begin to make more sense.

QUESTIONS
1.  Did you ever stop to consider how the opening of Genesis has a lot in common with the end of Revelation?  Why do you think that is?

2.  How does Adam and Eve’s relationship with God start out? What happens to Adam and Eve’s relationship with God after sin?  How is this contrasted with the end of Revelation?

3.  When you consider the tabernacle in the wilderness, what comes to mind? Nothing? Confusion? Mystery? Irrelevance? Intricate rules and ceremonies? Something else?

4.  How does your understanding of the tabernacle change knowing that it’s about God reestablishing His dwelling place among humanity of earth as He starts with one nation?

5.  Have you ever considered the significance of Jerusalem being called the City of God (See Psalms 46:4, 48:4)?

6.  In both the tabernacle and the first temple, God’s presence filled His dwelling place. In what ways was this fulfilled in the 2^nd Temple era?

7.  What and where is the temple now? How has this expanded God’s plan to dwell on earth with humanity?

8.  What is the final phase of God’s plan to dwell with humanity on earth?

9.  How does these meta-story and theme about God dwelling with humanity change your understanding or the way you look at Scripture?

10.  Revelation can be confusing at times. It’s not supposed to be. How does understanding the end scene of Revelation help you understand how the meta-story is developing?  Does understanding temple imagery help make sense of some of the mystery?

BOOK SUMMARY: FROM EDEN TO THE NEW JERUSALEM - CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Scripture presents a meta-story that claims to communicate absolute truth that cannot be discovered any other way.  The story doesn't claim to present all truth, only particular truth to particular questions that lie outside the realm of scientific investigation. This meta-story is an anthology of literature linked by common themes, centered on a unique deity. It explains (1). Why was the earth created? (2). What is the reason for human existence?

This anthology abounds in intertexual references and provides us, in itself, the literary context in which its contents may be understood.  In other words, Scripture explains and interprets Scripture. Each book contributes something special to the meta-story and the meta-story provides a framework which aides in interpreting each book. 

Revelation anticipates the creation of a new earth and new heaven. This brings to fulfillment a process that started with this present creation as detailed in Genesis. The strong links between Genesis 1-3 and Revelation 20-22 suggest that these passages frame the entire biblical meta-story.

Not everything in Revelation can be taken literally. But it does not logically follow that everything in this vision must be viewed as merely symbolic. The new earth and new heavens are very likely to have much in common wit this present cosmos. 

The scholarly tendency to atomize biblical texts is often detrimental to understanding the big picture of Scripture. Stripping passages out of the context of the larger meta-story leads to imposed meanings that were never intended by the authors of Scripture.  There are major themes that run through Scripture and part of the thought world of the biblical authors. Knowing and appreciating these themes may significantly alter our reading of individual books. 

Good theology always has pastoral implication. Right teaching and right practice go hand in hand. Truth revealed shapes the lifestyle choices we make.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1.  What do you understand Scriptures primary message to be? What are other ways in which people view the overall the Bible?

2.  Why did God create earth? Why did He create humanity?

3.  What common themes do you find running through Scripture from Genesis to Revelation?

4.  Why do you need to understand intertextuality means and why it is important to interpreting Scripture?

5.  What is the relevance in understanding the beginning of creation along with the end of creation?

6.  What continuity exists between Christ’s pre-resurrection body and post-resurrection body? Is it likely that the new creation has some commonality with the present cosmos?

7.  Why must all smaller portions of Scripture be placed within the meta-story of Scripture?  Does our church’s preaching focus on the text only or the text in conjunction with the meta-story?

BOOK SUMMARY: THE CHRIST KEY - CHAPTER 1 - THE LAYERED BIBLE

INTRODUCTION

Hermeneutics - the science and art of interpreting the Bible

There are different hermeneutics that leave you with different conclusions and applications. Here are a few:

1.    Literal interpretation - plain meaning, historical-grammatical approach

2.    Allegorical interpretation - tangible things represent intangible ideas

3.    Moral interpretation - be like the good guys, not the bad guys

4.    Christological interpretation - all of Scripture is interpreted in light of the full revelation of Christ

5.    Redemptive-historical interpretation - all of Scripture bears witness to the redemption Christ brings us

A moralizing, imitative approach to the stories of Israel is a recipe for interpretive disaster.

Intertexuality - the layering of the Scriptures. Every new layer of Scripture interacts with and interprets former layers. This means the texts interprets texts.  Scripture is a multilayered web of interconnections that gradually constructs the Big Story of Scripture.

Everything from Genesis to Malachi, in one way or another, is about Jesus the Messiah (See Luke 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 46-47; John 1:45; Acts 3:18; Acts 3:24; Acts 10:43; 2 Corinthians 1:20).

THE TANAK: EXACTLY HOW LONG IS THE BIBLE?  

For the earliest followers of Christ, their Bible was only the Old Testament. When those first Christians discussed Christ, the discussed Him from the Old Testament. It would be roughly fifteen years after Jesus' ascension before the first New Testament book was written. The first Christians read from the TANAK or TANAKH.

T = Torah; the Pentateuch, the first five books of the OT -  Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy

N = Nevi'im; the prophets - Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, 12 minor prophets

K = Ketuvim; the Writing - Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles

To talk about Jesus in the early years of Christianity meant you used the Bible that Jesus used. You would have used the Tanak. In the New Testament, when Scripture is mentioned, it's almost always speaking of the Old Testament (with the exception of verses like 2 Peter 3:16).  The Tanak contains the contents of the Christian faith. The NT does not contain any new doctrines that were not founded in the OT.

TO THE TORAH!

The NT explains and interprets the OT for us. But even Joshua through Malachi help us to understand Genesis through Deuteronomy. The Torah is almost like a mini-Bible. Every author of the Tanak sat at the feet of Rabbi Moses. 

Martin Luther - "Moses is the source from which the holy prophets and also the apostles, inspired by the Holy Spirit, extracted divine wisdom."  "Show us one word in all the books outside of Moses that is not already found in the books of Moses."

The history of Israel, from Joshua to Kings, can only be rightly understood in light of Deuteronomy. The Psalms praise God for creation and recount the Exodus. The wisdom literature expands the divine wisdom of the laws of the Torah. 

We must ask, "Why does Moses get quoted more in the NT than Jesus?" Because Jesus affirmed that all things had been written about Him in Moses and the prophets.

The Torah gives Christological language to us so that we may know Jesus as the Commander of the Army of the Lord (Joshua 5:14), the promised seed of David (2 Samuel 7:11-16), the Lord's begotten Son and King (Psalm 2:7), the Wisdom alongside God at creation (Proverbs 8:22-31) and the leader of our exodus (Isaiah 11:16). 

The Apostle John starts of his book with "In the beginning..." as if to say, "To understand Jesus, I need to quote Genesis 1:1."  Matthew narrates Jesus' life by using the pattern found in Moses' life (hostile leader trying to kill baby boys, coming out of Egypt, going into the wilderness, assembling of twelve, dispensing of the law on a mountain).

MONTY PYTHON AND METALEPSIS

There is a profound difference between knowing the meaning of a word and knowing what that word means when it is drawn from a movie, spoken in a specific scene and by a certain character.  The weight of those words can only be realized when one understands their origin, setting, context and connotation.

If Joshua quotes Deuteronomy, or if David alludes to Exodus or if Ezekiel echoes a phrase from Genesis, you won't understand the full meaning of what the author is communicating unless you know they are doing this. At best, we will sub-interpret the text or misinterpret it all together. 

Metalepsis - the borrowing of other biblical material by quoting, echoing, or alluding to it. 

Joshua 5:15 doesn't just quote Exodus 3:5 but is telling us more. The Commander of the Army of the Lord is not some angelic or super-human being. HE is God leading Israel to her land of rest. The NT shows us Christ leading us to our Sabbath Rest in the New Creation. 

Matthew 10:34-39 alludes to Micah 7:6 but we are not told this. You just have to know the "movie quote."  You have to understand Micah before you can understand Matthew. Micah is saying that a person's own enemies are those in his household. In the larger context Micah is also lamenting that there are no righteous people around him. Micah could only follow and trust God. Now when you listen to Jesus'' words in Matthew 10:34-39 you can see that Jesus is telling us that we should only put our faith in Him. This is metalepsis. 

If we try to read the NT apart from the OT we will not get the right understanding of the NT. 

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1.    Why is a moralistic approach to interpreting the Scripture so popular?  Why is it also so dangerous?

2.    What do Jesus and His disciples say about the OT and the centrality of Christ? 

3.    What is the Tanak? Why is it important to understand that the first Christians only had the OT as their Bible? Does this change your view of the OT?

4.    How should the church's preaching, teaching and worship reflect this understanding of the OT?

5.    Why is it important to understand the concept of intertexuality? 

6.    Read Luke 9:28-36.  In what ways is this passage connected to the OT?  What "movie quotes" do you hear? 

BOOK SUMMARY: THE PEACEMAKER - PART 4 - GO AND BE RECONCILED - CHAPTER 12 - OVERCOME EVIL WITH GOOD

Romans 12:21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.

Some people will be ready to make peace. Others will resist reconciliation. We are to love our enemies do good to those who hate us and pray for them. God will reward us (See Luke 6:27-28, 35-26). Instead of trying to live contrary to Christ’s commands and justify wicked thoughts or actions towards adversaries, we should be obedient to Christ (2 Corinthians 20:3-5). Read 2 Corinthians 5:16-20). Our identity and status in Christ calls us to be reconcilers. Our weapons are spiritual (Ephesians 6:10-18, Galatians 5:22-23). Romans 12:14-21 calls us to live on a higher plane. We are not to be passive towards evil. We should go on the offensive in order to win our adversaries over to truth and into right relationship with God.

CONTROL YOUR TONGUE
Make every effort to be gracious with your words. Be truthful and helpful with your words. (1 Peter 3:9).

SEEK GODLY ADVISORS

These friends should be willing to correct and admonish you when they see that you are in the wrong (Proverbs 27:5-6). Good advisors are not “yes-men.” Godly advisors help you stay the course when following Biblical principles don’t see to work right away and you are tempted to used sinful or worldly tactics.

KEEP DOING WHAT IS RIGHT

See Romans 12:17. When dealing with conflict, we should plan carefully so that any reasonable person who is watching will eventually acknowledge that you did what was right (1 Peter 2:12, 15, 3:15-16).

RECOGNIZE YOUR LIMITS

Even when we are doing right, some will accuse of us wrong. We cannot force people to think or do right. Nevertheless, we can be comforted that we acted right before God and that we’re doing what we can to live at peace with others (Romans 12:18). It is not wise or necessary to waste time, energy and resources fretting about someone who stubbornly refuses to reconcile. The world looks for results; God looks for faithfulness (Ecclesiastes 12:13b). Read Proverbs 20:22. God ultimately will deal with unrepentant people through the church (Matthew 18:17-20), civil courts (Romans 13:1-3), or even through handing them over to Satan (1 Corinthians 5:5; 1 Timothy 1:20).

USE THE ULTIMATE WEAPON

Use deliberate, focused love. See Romans 12:20-21. Don’t just do good in general. See to meet the real needs of your adversary.

SUMMARY AND APPLICATION

Love your neighbor as you love yourself. Do unto others as you would have them do to you. If anyone is caught in sin, gently restore them. Speak the truth in love. Forgive as the Lord has forgiven you. Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Which worldly weapons have you been using or are you tempted to use in conflict?

2. To whom can you turn for godly advice and encouragement?

3. Have you done everything in your power to live at peace with others? Is it ever appropriate to ever turn to the church or civil authorities to seek assistance in resolving disputes?

4. What need does your adversary have that God may want to meet through your deliberate and focused love?